Factbox: Top pain points between US and China as Xi, Biden meet

US President Joe Biden will hold an online meeting on Monday with Chinese leader Xi Jinping, the most extensive leader-level talks between the two nations under the Biden administration.

Officials on both sides have played down expectations for specific outcomes, amid an increasingly fractious relationship. Among the contentious issues are:

TAIWAN

Biden has accused China of ramping up military activity to intimidate self-ruled Taiwan, which Washington is required by law to provide with means to defend itself.

China, which claims the island as its own and has not ruled out using force to bring it under its control, has been concerned by US moves to deepen ties with Taiwan and a statement by Biden that Washington would come to its defense.

The White House has stressed there has been no change in the US policy of "strategic ambiguity" on whether it would defend Taiwan, but Secretary of State Antony Blinken further muddied the waters when he said Washington and its allies would take unspecified "action" if China were to use force to alter the status quo.

In a telephone call with Blinken on Saturday, senior Chinese diplomat Wang Yi said Washington should not send the wrong signals Biden and China's Xi will hold virtual meeting to Taiwan pro-independence forces.

CHINA'S NUCLEAR BUILDUP, MISSILES

US officials are increasingly concerned about China's rapidly expanding nuclear arsenal and what they say was a very significant test of a hypersonic weapons system.

China has denounced a security pact Biden struck this year with Britain and Australia to provide the latter with nuclear-powered submarines and Washington's expanding cooperation with fellow members of the so-called Quad grouping - Japan, India and Australia. Lower-level talks between military officials from Beijing and Washington have been aimed at easing tensions.

TRADE

China is running far behind in its promises in a "Phase 1" deal signed in 2020 to boost purchases of US goods by $200 billion.

Beijing has not fully met promises to improve intellectual property protections and market access for US agriculture biotechnology products and financial services, but wants tariffs set by former President Donald Trump lifted, arguing this could help both sides by easing inflation and boosting employment.

TECHNOLOGY

Tensions eased slightly after Meng Wanzhou, chief executive of Chinese tech giant Huawei, was allowed to returned home from Canada after a deal with US prosecutors.

But a tech war continues to smolder, with Huawei, drone maker DJI, top chipmaker SMIC, and surveillance firm Hikvision still on a US national security blacklist aimed at making it harder for US firms to share key technology with them.

Biden has neither revoked nor enforced a Trump executive order directing Chinese gaming company Bytedance to divest popular social media app TikTok in the United States.

WINTER OLYMPICS

Beijing will host February's Winter Olympics and US lawmakers have demanded a diplomatic boycott, over the charge that China is committing genocide against Uyghurs and other minority Muslims.

Last week, Blinken said Washington was talking to countries around the world about "how they're thinking about participation," but left a deadline for a decision unclear.

PANDEMIC COOPERATION

The former Trump administration repeatedly blamed China for the outbreak of Covid-19.

A US intelligence review released under Biden turned up no firm conclusions on the source of the virus, but some US officials intelligence blame a leak from a laboratory in China.

US officials say a better understanding of the origins could help end the pandemic and prepare for the next. Biden has said Beijing needs to co-operate more with international investigations. China has rejected such calls.

BELT AND ROAD vs. BBB3

The meeting will come after Biden signs on Monday a $1-trillion bipartisan infrastructure deal that his administration believes will help the US "out-compete" China.

Biden has been working with member of the G7 grouping to launch an international infrastructure effort, Build Back Better World, or BBB3, to rival China's Belt-and-Road initiative.