Can universities defy the new nationalism?
In the long history of scientific discovery, the recent trend toward nativism – exemplified by the US ban on Chinese scholars in many fields – is an aberration. Those who want to participate in the scientific enterprise must be willing to open their borders to partners from elsewhere, including potential rivals
The cosmopolitan values of higher education are in retreat before a rising wave of provincialism. International student enrollment at universities in the United States continues to decline, while branch campuses of American universities abroad are being reorganized or shut down. This trend has ominous implications – and not only for education and research.
Universities stand at the intersection of national interest and universal goals. While they play a role in nation-building, they also promote the pursuit of truth, which has historically benefited from the free exchange of ideas and the free movement of scholars and students across borders. In an era of dwindling global institutions, the university is the latest to experience a decline in power and influence. The open flow of ideas is now at risk. Can that be changed?
Universities rose to prominence in the nineteenth century by making themselves useful to nation-states, training members of the civil service, and improving technology through basic research. Later, they became a forum for global collaboration, finding ways to balance their obligations to their home countries and their responsibilities to the international community. But fears about the rise of China and suspicion of espionage have tipped the scale toward national priorities in recent years.
In 2020, President Donald Trump issued an order banning Chinese graduate students and researchers in a number of scientific fields. President Joe Biden's administration has maintained the ban. Earlier this year, Senator Tom Cotton of Arkansas proposed a prohibition on funding from Chinese entities to US universities and the end of the ten-year multiple-entry visa program for Chinese citizens.
American nationalists like Cotton rarely acknowledge that the Chinese are following a path laid by US students. In the nineteenth century, nearly 10,000 Americans travelled to study at universities in Germany. When they returned, they established institutions modelled on the ones they found abroad. The Americans' adaptations of the German universities were so effective that by 1900, the flow of traffic reversed. Germans attended the World's Fairs in Chicago and St. Louis to learn about American developments in higher education, such as co-education and applied mathematics. Research and innovation in the natural sciences and the humanities expanded as a result of this "competitive emulation."
Despite some German concerns that American students might steal trade secrets, intellectual curiosity overcame protectionism. Scientists and scholars from the two countries became partners as well as competitors. Professors travelled back and forth between New York and Berlin on exchanges, sharing and advancing ideas. One Prussian education leader marvelled that this mutual learning "represents progress ... in the direction of the intellectual unity of the human race...."
The two world wars undermined academic cooperation. The university was pulled toward the state and faculty promoted themselves as experts who could advance national goals. American professors turned on their German colleagues; those who refused were fired.
After World War II, it took numerous efforts to revive the dormant values of transatlantic scientific exchange and transparency. Even the international programs of the Cold War era, like the Ford Foundation-funded Free University of Berlin, the Fulbright Program, and the German Academic Exchange Service, were more expressions of "soft power" than true scientific partnerships.
In recent years, universities have brought back nineteenth-century-style cooperation to tackle twenty-first-century problems. A collaboration between the University of California and German institutions, funded by the non-profit Resources for the Future, is driving innovation on climate policy. Scholars from UC Berkeley, UC Davis, Berlin, and the Institute for European Studies in Brussels, are sharing research on decarbonization and the electrification of transportation. Their work is leading to green innovation on both sides of the Atlantic.
But US universities today are pulled in divergent directions. Although the majority of their research funding comes from the federal government, they generally support the global sharing of ideas, even with US competitors. That's how knowledge advances. Rather than blocking potential research partners from acquiring visas, governments should be encouraging international scientific collaboration through financial support and exchange programs. The Biden administration should take this opportunity to promote the value of science as a public good.
In the long history of scientific discovery, the recent trend toward nativism is an aberration. Scientific advances and technological innovation require a free exchange. Those who want to participate in the scientific enterprise must be willing to open their borders to partners from elsewhere, including potential rivals.
Many have asked whether China can become a scientific superpower despite its regressive politics and limited freedoms. But we should also be asking a different question: Can US universities remain the best in the world despite closing themselves off from China and the rest of the global community?
To remain vital and relevant – and support both national and global progress – universities must remain open to the world. Americans should know this as well as anyone.
Emily J Levine, Associate Professor of Education and History at Stanford University, is the author, most recently, of Allies and Rivals: German-American Exchange and the Rise of the Modern Research University (University of Chicago Press, 2021).
